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Tomate

tomaato tɩɩga lʋgda tomaato ti tâ ri n dʋgd zẽedo la rɩta

Tomato (/təmeɪtoʊ/ bɩ /təmɑːtoʊ/) yaa bõn-yũud sẽn yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b rɩ wã, Solanum lycopersicum,[1] sẽn yaa tɩlem tomato. B sẽn naan n naanã yita Amerika sẽn be zĩ-zãnga, Meziik la Central America[2][3] A sẽn da wa n be tẽngã pʋgẽ wã, a ra pa tõe n paam n paam n dɩ a rɩɩb ye.<[4] Aazteek rãmbã ra rɩt tomate b rɩɩb rɩɩb pʋgẽ, a sẽn wa n wa n wa paam n deeg a Azteek soolmã, la b sẽn wa n yã tomate wã ne a Zezi naoor a ye, b talla bõn-kãng n wa Europe, tɩ b bãng tɩ yaa bũmb sẽn yaa taab taab n da tar taab n paasd taab n paas n paasd b taab taab taab n paas. Rẽ n so tɩ b tall tomatã n kẽng tẽns a taab sẽn da be Europe soolmẽ wã yʋʋmd 1600 soabã pʋgẽ[5]

Tomatoes: whole, halved vertically and halved horizontally

Tomatã yaa tɩɩg ning b sẽn boond tɩ tomat tɩɩgã biis sẽn tõe n wãbe. A yita Central America, Mexico, la Etazĩni. Gom-biig ning b sẽn boond tɩ tomatl wã yita Meksik Nahuatl gom-biigã pʋgẽ. Tõe tɩ yaa Mexico tẽngã neb n da maand-a tɩ yɩ rɩɩbo. Azɛk rãmbã sẽn wa n zabd ne Ãzɛk soolmã, b ra rɩta tomat n dɩtẽ. Rẽ poore, yʋʋm kob-gĩnd a 16 soabã pʋgẽ, Erop nebã wa n kẽnga tẽns a taab pʋsẽ.[6][7][8]

Tomatã yaa yũ-noog bũmb sẽn tar yõod wʋsgo. B rɩt-b-la ne manesem toor-toore: b rɩt-b-la toor-toore, bɩ b rɩt-b-la tɩ pak-ba. Tomat yaa biisã, la b nong n dɩt-a-la ne zẽedã.[9][10]

B koodda tomat buud toor-toore, dũniyã gill zugu, zĩ-sobendã pʋsẽ, la b ningda tomat-rãmb rot sẽn yaa sõma yʋʋmdã sasa fãa. Tãma tɩɩs tõe n taa mɛtɛɛr a 1 n tãag mɛtɛɛr a 3. B yaa tɩɩs sẽn pa tar pãng, tɩ b yẽgã pa tar pãng ye. B sẽn boond tɩ tomatã yaa bõn-vɩɩs sẽn pa sãamd ye[11]

Kudemde

tekre
 
Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum: the oldest surviving tomato fruit and leaves. Page from the En Tibi Herbarium, 1558. Naturalis Leiden.

Tomato wã yaab-rãmbã sẽn yaa we-rũng rãmbã, sẽn boond tɩ Solanum pimpinellifolium, yaa sẽn be zĩ-dũniyã sẽn be zĩid-dʋʋg Amerika.[12] B ra tara bõn-naands sẽn yaa wa pees.

A France, Itali la Erop kiidã, b sɩngame n wub tomate tɩ b yɩ bõn-naandg sẽn na yɩl n tɩge.[12]

B ra getame tɩ yaa rɩɩb bala, b ra miime tɩ yaa bõn-vɩɩs sẽn yaa bãaga, sẽn yaa bãag sẽn tar bãaga.[13] Yaa tomatã yũudã sẽn yaa a to wã ne a sẽn tar a to wã sẽn pa tar a to n kɩt tɩ b pa mi a ye.[14]

A sã n yaa a sãnemã la a biisã, a tara tomatins wʋsgo, tɩ yaa bõn-wẽns la a tõe n paam-a. La a sãnemdã yaa tomatins wʋsg n yɩɩd a sãnem biisã.[14]

Mesoamerica

B pa mi a sẽn maan wakat ning ye; yʋʋmd 500 sẽn deng a Zezi rogmã, b ra rɩt n bɩɩsd-a lame Meeksɩ kiidã la tõe tɩ zĩis a taab pʋsẽ.

B tẽedame tɩ b ra tẽedame tɩ neb nins sẽn yã tomatã bõn-buudã rɩ wã paama bãngr pãnga.[15]

Tomate buud sẽn yaa kãsenga, sẽn yaa bũmbu, sẽn yaa bõn-naandg sẽn yaa bilf la sẽn yaa tɩlemdã, sẽn yita Mesoameri wã, la tõe n yaa tomate buud toor-toor sẽn yaa taab sẽn yaa taab rũndã-rũndã wã yaab sẽn pa le tar-b ye.[16]

Azteek rãmbã ra pa tar tomate buud toor-toor ye. B ra boond tomate-rãmbã tɩ xictomatl la tomate-roog sẽn boond tɩ tomatl (tomatillo). [1] A Bernardino de Sahagún wilgame tɩ b yãa tomate buud wʋsg Azteek wã raagẽ Tenochtitlán (Meksik tẽnga): " tomate-dãmb sẽn yaa kãense, tomate-bõones, tomate wã sẽn yaa vãadã, tomate sẽn yaa wa namse, tomate rãmb sẽn yaa wa yĩn-bõoneg", la tomate wã buud toor-toore.

A Bernardino de Sahagún goma Aztecs sẽn da maand sok-rãmb toor-toorã, kẽer ne tomate la b sẽn pa tar-b ye, n kõt-b-la tẽn-tẽnsã sok-rãmbã: "dɩɩb sok-rãmba, sok-rɩs-rɩsdba; rɩɩb sẽn yaa tɩt, kokr sẽn yaa tɩta, sok-roog sẽn yaa tɩtã, sok-n-soog sẽn yaa n-tɩt, sok-m-soog-rɩsg-rɩdga, sok-d-rɩse, sok-sõdga, sor-rɩsa, sok-a-la-rɩsem-rɩsã, sok-y-rɩ-soog, sok-o-rɩsas-rɩsɛdga, [sõd-rẽse], sok-rẽ-rɩsek, sok-soog a-soog la a-soob, sok-yo-rɩseg la a-rɩsak, sok-se, sokrɩ-rɩka, sok-no-rɩg la a-sõodga,[17]

SPANISH DISTRIBUTION

Tõe tɩ yaa Spaañ ned ning sẽn boond t'a Hernán Cortés n deng n dɩk tomate sẽn yaa zulumd n kẽng Erɔp yʋʋmd 1521 wã, a sẽn deeg Aztect rãmbã tẽng ning sẽn boond tɩ Tenochtitlan, sẽn yaa Meksik tẽnga. A Pietro Andrea Mattioli sẽn yaa Itali logtor la botanik n gʋls yʋʋmd 1544 wã, b ra gomda tomate yell n yɩɩd buud fãa. A yeelame tɩ b talla tomate buud toor-toorã n wa n wa Itali. Yʋʋm piig pʋse poore, Mattioli pʋdga tomate yʋy n yeel tɩ pomi d'oro, sẽn yaa "tõnd sãnem".

B sẽn wa n kolõg Amerɩka wã, b pʋɩɩ tomatã Karayib soolmẽ wã. B leb n talla-a lame n kẽng Filip-n-taasã, tɩ b yi be n tɩ kẽng Azi soolmã sẽn be zĩ-dʋʋg-dʋʋgã, n yaool n kẽng Azi soolmẽ wã. B sẽn wa n tɩ yi wã, b ra leb n dɩka tomatã. A ra bɩɩda zĩ-kãng pʋgẽ n yɩɩd pĩnda, la a ra sɩngda a bɩɩsgo yʋʋmd 1540 wã. Tõe tɩ b rɩka-a lame tɩ pa kaoos n yaool n wa n wa sɩng n dɩtẽ, la b ra rɩta-a lame n tãag yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 17 soabã sɩngrẽ.

CHINA

Sẽn paase, b talla tomatã n wa Sɩngr yʋʋmd 1500 wã, n tõe n tɩ yi Filippiins bɩ Macao. B pʋd-a lame t'a 番茄 fānqié (dẽn-dẽn-buugã) tɩ yaa sẽn yaa pipi wã.

ITALY

 
The San Marzano is a well-known plum tomato highly prized for making pizza.

A sẽn gʋls tomatã sẽn be Italya wã sɩngr bee yʋʋmd 1548 tʋʋlg kiuug rasem 31 wã, a sẽn wa n gʋls t'a Medici sẽn yaa Toska tẽnga gãda, a Cosimo de' Medici wã gãda a roogã taoor soaba n wilg-a t'a sẽn tʋm tomatã koglg sẽn yit Florent tẽnga, a Torre del Gallo wã "ra waa ne bãane".A Tomato wã ra bɩɩda b sẽn wa n wa n wa Itali wã n sɩng n yaa bõn-naandsã. Wala makre, Florent tẽnga aristokrat a Giovanvettorio Soderini gʋlsa tɩ b "ra baood-b-la b sã n yaa bõn-sõma", la b ra wubd-b-ba bal bogdẽ bɩ b sẽn be b yiri. A sẽn tõe n toeem a toor-toorã, n naan buud toor-toore, sõngame tɩ a tõog n yalg Itali wã fãa. La zĩis nins sẽn da yaa zĩ-sõngo wã, b sẽn da nong n zẽk tomate wã ra wilgdame tɩ b pa tar yõod ye. B pa rɩ-b n yɩ koodã rɩɩb ye, bala b ra pa tardd b meng ne koodã buud a taabã ye. Sẽn paase, bõn-naands nins sẽn tar bãaga la sẽn pa tõe n dɩ wã kɩtame tɩ neb wʋsg pa rat n dɩ bɩ b segl buud a to ye.Italy zĩis kẽer wala Florence, b ra rɩtga yʋngã wa b sẽn dat n maan tɩ b maan tɩ b yɩ rɩɩb sẽn yaa sõma n yaool n kẽed ne tẽn-tẽngã rɩɩb wɛɛngẽ yʋʋm 17 bɩ yʋʋm 18 yʋʋm kob-gĩndẽ.B yiisga pipi rɩɩb sebrã ne tomate wã rɩɩb lagem-n-taar yʋʋmd 1692 Neapol, la b wilgame tɩ b ra paamda-b lame.

Yʋʋm kobs-gĩnd sẽn pʋglã pʋgẽ, b ra modgdda buud toor-toor n na n dɩt tomate, tomate, pizza tomate, la tomate sẽn na yɩl n tall-b wakat sẽn zãra. B mii buud-goam kãensã ne b sẽn yi zĩig ning b sẽn yi wã wala b sẽn boond-b ne b toor-toor yʋya. Wala makre, b tõe n yãa Pomodorino del Piennolo del Vesuvio, sẽn yaa "Vesuvius tomatã sẽn nong n gãnegd", wall San Marzano plum tomatã b sẽn boond tɩ San Marzano tomatã.

BRITAIN

 
Tomatoes for sale in a UK supermarket

Sẽn deng yʋʋmd 1590 wã, b pa le tɩt tomate Angletɛɛrã ye. A John Gerard sẽn da yaa bur-yũudda ra yaa pipi sẽn da maand-a koodã. A Gerard sẽn yiis a sebr ning sẽn boond t'a Herbal wã yʋʋmd 1597 wã, la b sẽn da maand b sẽn dat n bãng bũmb ning sẽn be tẽn-kɩremsã pʋgẽ wã, yaa b sẽn deng n gom tomatã yell Angletɛɛrã pʋgẽ wã sʋka. A Gerard ra miime tɩ b rɩta tomatã Ɛspayn la Itali. La a ra tẽedame tɩ yaa zulo. (Sɩngr wɛɛngẽ, tɩɩgã la biis nins sẽn yaa toor-toorã tara tomatins sẽn yaa toogo, la b pa be yell wʋsg ye. Ges-y sẽn be tẽng zug.) [18] 17

Be La yʋʋmd 1800 soabã sʋka, b rɩta tomate wʋsgo Brãtã. La yʋʋmd 1800 wã saabẽ wã, sebr a yembr (Encyclopædia Britannica) yeelame tɩ b ra rɩta tomatã "daar fãa" sobgẽ, burã pʋgẽ, la b ra rɩt-a-la bũmbu. B ra pa kẽed ne ned sẽn pa mi b mens rɩɩbã pʋgẽ ye, la baa ne yʋʋm 1820 wã b sẽn wilg tɩ b yaa "b sẽn yãgd wʋsg tõnd tɩɩs teed fãa pʋsẽ" la b "tũudd tõnd kok-dãmb fãa sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd fãa", b goma b sẽn bɩɩsd-b zẽedẽ wã yell hal tɩ b "sãame ne b sẽn yãendẽ wã", tɩ b sẽn tũnugd ne-b n dɩtẽ wã ra yaa ne Itali wã bɩ Zuif rãmbã rɩɩb sẽn yaa toor-toorã. [18] Wala makre, a Elizabeth Blackwell sẽn gʋls sebr ning pʋgẽ, b wilgame tɩ b rɩta a "Love Apple (Amoris Pomum) " ne kaam la vinɛtɛg Itali, wa b sẽn dɩka a UK. [19]

MIDDLE EAST

 
Tomatoes growing in Ghana

A John Barker sẽn yaa Britani konsul sẽn da be Alep yʋʋmd 1799 n tãag yʋʋmd 1825 wã n kɩt tɩ b zẽk tomatã tẽns a taab sʋka.[20][21] Yʋʋm kobs a 19 soabã pʋgẽ, b wilgame tɩ b rɩta a bõn-naandgã wa rɩɩb sẽn yaa sõma. Yʋʋmd 1881 wã, b wilgame tɩ b rɩta-a lame " yʋʋm pis-naas sẽn looge". [22] Rũndã-rũndã, tomate yaa tẽns a taab sẽn be tẽns a taab sʋka. B rɩt-a lame n dɩt-a-la.[23]

UNITED STATES

 
Plum, cherry, and grape tomato varieties

Sẽn deng n be wã, b ra gomda tomate sẽn be Etazĩni soolmẽ wã yelle. A gomdã yita yʋʋmd 1710 soabã, tɩ logtor a William Salmon sẽn yaa bi-bɩɩgã togs tɩ b yã-b-la Karolɛn sẽn be Zu-soab-Kõrɩla.[24] 25 Tõe tɩ b yi Karayib soolmẽ wã n wa n wa n tɩ be. Yʋʋmd 1800 wã sʋka, b ra bɩɩda b koodã Karolɛn soolmã pʋ-tẽnsã pʋsẽ, la tõe tɩ b bɩɩda b buud-goam a taabã me. A Thomas Jefferson sẽn dɩ tomate Pari wã tʋma bõn-buud kẽer Amerɩka.[25] 28 Amerik rãmb kẽer sẽn da wa n gomd tomatã rɩɩb wɛɛngẽ wã sʋka, yaa a Michele Felice Cornè ne a Robert Gibbon Johnson.[26] Amerik rãmb wʋsg ra getame tɩ tomate yaa zuloeese, la tɩ b ra bʋd-b lame n yɩɩd tɩ b ra rɩt-b ye. Yʋʋmd 1897 wã, a W. H. Garrison goma ne New York Medico-Legal Society n yeel tɩ "b ra tẽedame tɩ tomatã yaa hal tɩlɛ". A tẽegame t'a yãadem wakate, b ra boond tomatã tɩ "nongr-maan-maan-man-man-maan-maand" la b ra zãgs-b lame tɩ b yaa "Sʋtãan tãnd". [25]

A Alexander W. Livingston paama a sẽn naan tomat buud toor-toor zags ne kom-biisã pʋgẽ wã yĩnga. [26]

A Henry Tilden sẽn da be Iowa wã ne a Dr. A ra bee Baltimore. [27] A U.S. Yʋʋmd 1937 soabã, b sẽn boond tɩ "Department of Agriculture" wã seb-vãoog pʋgẽ, b yeelame tɩ "sẽn yɩɩd fãa, a Livingston-rãmbã sẽn tõog n bãng tɩ tomatã yaa sõma n paase, kɩtame tɩ b tõog n paam buud toor-toor sẽn yaa sõma n paase".

A Livingston rog-n-soab a yembr sẽn boond t'a Paragon wã ra sɩngame yʋʋmd 1870, tɩ b sɩng tomatã bɩɩb tʋʋmd sẽn yaa kãseng tẽn-kãng pʋgẽ.[28][29] Yʋʋmd 1875 wã, a wa n wilga a sẽn naan n naan n naan a tomatã ne a taabã yʋʋm pis-naas la a nu.

A Livingston sẽn wa n sɩng n na n naan tomate wã tɩ b lebg kom-biisã, a ra ratame tɩ tomate wã yɩ sõma, tɩ b tall-a tɩ b tall a meng n dɩt a yõodo, la a ra yaa sõma.[30] A ra tara bõn-naandb toor-toorã sẽn yɩɩd piig la a yopoe. Rũndã-rũndã, b bɩɩda bõn-buudã tẽns a taab pʋsẽ.

Sẽn yaa tɩlae ne bõn-buud-kãngã sẽn nong tʋʋlgã tɩ b bɩɩd wakat sẽn kaoos yĩnga, Etazĩni soolmã sẽn be wĩntoog pʋga soolmẽ wã, tẽns wʋsg lebga tomat pʋɩɩb sẽn yaa kãsenga, sẽn yɩɩd fãa Floride la Kaliforni.[31] Kaliforni, b bɩɩda tomate tɩ b na n kõ-b-la koom tɩ b tõe n tɩgs-b tɩ b tɩgs-ba, tɩ b na ne-b tɩbgd-ba, la b tɩgs b tomate.[32] Kaliforni karẽn-biis roogã (UC Davis) lebga tomatã wɛɛngẽ vaeesg zĩiga.[33] Tãmri wã sẽn yaa b sẽn boond tɩ C.M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center wã yaa b sẽn naan n yãg t'a yaa b sẽn tar kom-bɩɩsã, b sẽn tar rog-n-tɩrsã la b sẽn maand tomatã buud toor-toore. B pʋd b yʋʋr t'a Dr. Charles M. Rick sẽn ki wã yĩnga, sẽn yaa tomatã genetik yel-bũndã taoor soaba.


Modern commercial varieties

 
Yellow cherry tomatoes

Sẽn yaa tɩlae tɩ tomate wã bɩt n lebg wa roog sẽn yaa miuug n yaa wa a sẽn yaa wa a yaa wa a pa tar sukri. Vẽng-kãngã zĩndame yʋʋm 20 soabã sʋka, b sẽn yã tɩ b yãenda "u" sẽn yaa bõn-vɩɩs sẽn lebg tɩlɛ, tɩ b pʋd-a woto, bala a biisã bɩɩma wa b sẽn datã. B ra pa tar b sẽn da tar b sẽn pa tar b b sẽn pa tõe n dɩk b sẽn pa maand b sẽn pa segd n dɩk b b sẽn da maand b sẽn maandã n kõ-b b sẽn pa mi b sẽn tõe n dɩk-b n kõ-ba. Sẽn deng tɩ b sɩng bõn-kãnga, tomate wʋsg ra yaa sũ-noog la b yũuda sõma.[30][31]

B wilgame tɩ b tõe n kɩtame tɩ b tɩg-bilã sẽn yaa karbõnd sẽn be biisã pʋgẽ wã sẽn yaa 10 - 20% wã lebg fotosynteze, tɩ b tõe ne-a b sẽn maand b toorẽ biis nins sẽn yaa U fenotypã pʋgẽ wã pʋgẽ. A u- genetikã rogemã yaa bũmb sẽn kɩt tɩ b naan tũ ne kloroplast sẽn yaa sõma n pa tar bark sẽn yaa sõma wã, n kɩt tɩ b sã n wa paam tɩ b bɩɩsd biisã, b sã n lebg sãnem-biis sẽn yaa vẽenega, la b kɩt tɩ sukr sẽn be bĩngdã pʋgẽ wã boog ne 10-15%. Tõe tɩ yaa sẽn yɩɩd b rolã fotosynteze wã, b leb n modgdda biis nins sẽn be klorooplastã sẽn wa n yaa klorofil-bees sẽn pa tar-b ye, tɩ b maand karotenoid nins sẽn yaa likopɛn, β-karotɛn la metabolites a taabã sẽn yaa bõn-naandsã la rɩtgã sẽn yaa sõma. B sẽn tar pãng ne chloroplasts sẽn be U fenotype wã sẽn yaa yĩn-gãong sẽn yaa yĩnsã zutã yaa nafd-n-taase, la b pa tar yõod ne b sẽn bas tɩ yĩn-golem sẽn yaa yĩnnã sẽn yaa yĩngr sẽn yaa kãn-kãe tɩ b pa be tɩgãsgã sẽn yaa kãnsã pʋgẽ ye. Rẽ n so tɩ b sã n maan bõn-buud sẽn tar teed sẽn tar teed n tar b toorẽ wã, b segd n baoo b mens n tõog n maan bũmb ning sẽn yaa sõma. [32]

Sẽn paase, b modgdame tɩ b naan tomate buud toor-toor sẽn tar tomate, tɩ b tõog n tall tomate bõn-vɩɩs sẽn tar pãng n paasdẽ, la b tõog n maand bũmb nins sẽn pa tõe n maan ye.[33][34] La b sẽn maan woto wã kɩtame tɩ b pa rat n maan bũmb ning sẽn pa noom tomate biisã ye. Wala makre, b sẽn yeel tɩ b pa tar tɩbgdã yaa bũmb sẽn kɩt tɩ tomatã biisã pa tar tɩbã. B sẽn dat tɩ b tall bũmb ning b sẽn da pa ratã bɩ b sẽn da tarã n kẽes b plantã pʋgẽ, b wilgame tɩ b rɩkda bũmb ning b pa ratã. Tʋʋm-kãnga yaa sẽn kẽed ne sẽn dat-a wã, la sẽn kẽed-a ne sẽn dat n maan to-to wã. Sẽn na yɩl n paam tɩ b bãng tɩ b sẽn na n maan bõn-naandgã yaa sõma, yaa vẽeneg tɩ b na n kɩtame tɩ b bãng t'a yaa bõn-naandsã me n na n paam tɩbsg.[35]

Bãngdb n sɩng n tũnugd ne tomat buud toor-toor sẽn be weoogẽ wã n maand tomat buud nins b sẽn boond rũndã-rũndã tɩ tomatã. Wala makre, tomatã buud sẽn be weoogẽ wã tõe n tara biis sẽn yaa kãn-kãe (sẽn tɩ loe ne sũ-sãang sẽn yaa kãn-kãe) bɩ b tõe n tõoga bãas sẽn wat ne bã-kɩdsã, wala makre, b tõe n tõoga Alternaria solani sẽn yaa bã-kɩdsã. Baasg zãnga, manesem kãngã tara a pãn-komsem bala, b sã n dɩk zʋg-sõma kẽer wala bãag-kɩɩsdb sẽn tõe n tõog tɩ bãag-kɩɩsdb ra tõog n tõog n kʋ-ba, tõe n sãama bõn-vɩɩs a taab wala biisi.[36][37]

ETYMOLOGY

 
Bangladeshi tomatoes

Gomdã tomate yita Spaans tomate wã pʋgẽ, tɩ gomdã yita Nahuatl gomdã tomatl [ˈtomat͡ɬ] pronunciationoni, sẽn dat n yeel tɩ "tõnd biis".[38] A Galen n da boond tɩ lycopersicum tɩ rat n yeelame tɩ "dõnd peesga", la a ra tũnugda ne-a n wilgd tɩɩg sẽn pa bãng ye. Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 16 soabã pʋgẽ, a Luigi Anguillara ra tagsdame tɩ a Galen lycopersicum tõe n yɩɩ tomatã, la baa ne ned sẽn pa tõe n bãng a sẽn yaa tomatã ye, lyocpersicum kẽnga bãngrã pʋgẽ tɩ b boond-a tɩ yʋy.[39]

Gom-noor

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Tãmri wã sẽn yaa to-to wã yaa /təˈmeɪtoʊ/ tə-MAY-toh (Tãmri America sẽn yaa toay ne Inglesã) la /təˈmɑːtoʊ/ Tə-MAH-toh (Brãtlessã Inglesã pʋgẽ).[40] A Ira ne a George Gershwin yɩɩl ning sẽn yaa "Let's Call the Whole Thing Off" (1937), b sẽn gʋls n wilg tɩ b gomd a yiib n yɩɩdã yaa "We like /pəˈteɪtoʊ/ and I like /pεˈtɑːtoʊ/ / You like /təˈmeɪtoʊ / and I like/təˈmɑːtoʊ /", la b lebg gom-biis sẽn wilgd tɩ b gomd n gomd a taabã. [b sẽn na n togse] Sẽn yaa to-to, a lebga Amerika la Britani wã sẽn boond tɩ slangã: b sã n yeel tɩ "/təˈmeɪtoʊ təˈmɑːtoʊ/" tɩ b yãkd-a ne sogs a yiib, a tõe n yeelame tɩ "Bɩ bõe n welg-a?" bɩ "Bɩ m bãng tɩ pa rẽ ye".[41]

Botany

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Tomato flower

Tomato tɩɩs yaa tɩɩs sẽn yaa waand sẽn sɩng ne b sẽn pa tar pãng n tõe n bɩ n ta m 3 wã, baa ne b sẽn dogd b sẽn yaa b sẽn tar n yaa b sẽn yaa kʋɩl-n-tɩrsã, sẽn yaa b sã n yaa b zut sẽn ta cm 100 bɩ b sẽn yaa bilfã. B sẽn pa mi b sẽn na n yɩ to-to wã yaa "bõn-n-tɩrs" sẽn yaa yʋʋm wʋsgo, la b kiidda yʋʋm fãa zĩ-wɛgd sẽn yaa zĩ-sõngo (b yaa sẽn be tãnga sẽn be tãm-n-goamẽ wã) la baa b sã n be zĩig sẽn pa miẽ, b tõe n vɩɩ yʋʋm a tãabo. B sẽn yãkd b toor-toor wã yaa yʋʋmdã buud fãa pʋgẽ.

Tomate tɩɩsã yaa bõn-buud sẽn tar bẽedã, la b bɩt n yaa rũms sẽn tar bĩng n tar bẽdgã. La b sã n wa n wa n pa le paasd b tɩɩsã bɩ b sã n pa le tar b tɩɩsã, b na n lebga b tɩɩsã.

 
An unripe tomato growing on the vine

Tomate tɩɩs yaa b sẽn yaa b sẽn pa tar b mensã, tɩ rat n yeel tɩ b yaa b sẽn tar bĩis sẽn yaa bilf n yãg-b. Sẽn yaa to-to wã, sã n yaa tɩ tɩɩgã sẽn tar pãng n pa tar koomã, a sã n wa tar pãng n ka tar pãng n na n paam tɩ tɩɩgã lebg wa yẽgdo.

Sẽn yɩɩd tomate tɩɩsã tara vãad sẽn yaa toor-toorã, la b boond-b tɩ tɩ b tɩɩs nins sẽn tar vãad sẽn pa tarã, la b buud kẽer tara vãad nins sẽn yaa toor sẽn pa to wã sẽn boond tɩ b sẽn wõnd b roagdb a taabã yĩnga. RL tɩɩs pʋsẽ, b sã n tar rog-n-tɩrs wala rugose vãad sẽn tar gãn-n-taag wʋsg la a sã n tar angora vãad sẽn yaa toor-toorã, b sãn tar sãn-tɩrse, tɩ rog-n'taag sẽn yaa toor ne rog-toorã kɩtdame tɩ b yiis klorofilã vãadã pʋ-peelem kẽer pʋgẽ. [46] Bã-bã-b-la ne b sãnem sẽn yaa cm 10-25 (4-10), la b yaa b sẽn pa mi b sẽn tõe n yã bũmb ning fãa, la b tar b sõor sẽn yaa cm 8 n tãag ne b sãn-soab a nu. [Tõnd sẽn na n tool-y neda]

B sã n tar b tɩtã, b na n kɩtame tɩ b tɩtã naag taab n yɩ wa b sẽn naan n yãg n yãg b tɩtã. Rõ-rãmbã yaa bĩ-pugli la b tõe n tɩg b mens.[49] A sẽn yaa a soabã, a sẽn yaa a soabã yaa a soab ning sẽn yaa a soaba. Bãadã tara samd a yiib ne a yiib n yaa sãnem, la b yaa wa b sẽn tar tãag a tãab n yaa a 12 n tall taaba.

Baa ne rɩɩb wɛɛngẽ, b get tomatã wa tɩɩs sẽn yaa tɩlɛ, b get a biis wa b sẽn boond tɩ bɛɛrã. A yaa biis sẽn yaa sɩda, a bɩɩsda a tɩɩgã tɩʋʋgẽ, a namsgã sẽn yaa a yagsã.

Dɩt-kãnga

Yʋʋmd 1753 wã, a Linnaeus kɩtame tɩ tomatã lebg Solanum (a sẽn be a potɛɛgã sɛɛgẽ) tɩ b boond t'a Solanum lycopersicum. Yʋʋmd 1768 wã, a Philip Miller kɩtame tɩ b lebg a meng buud n pʋd-a tɩ Lycopersicon esculentum. [54] B ra tũnugda ne yʋ-kãng wʋsg, la a ra pa tũud tɩɩs yʋʋr noy ye, bala a Linnaeus sẽn da boond-a tɩ lycopersicum wã ra ket n tar yõod wʋsgo. Baa ne a Karsten sẽn yeel tɩ Lycopersicum lycopersicam wã yaa naam sẽn da be wã (1888), b pa tũnug ne-a ye, bala a kɩɩsda tẽn-tẽngã nomenklaturã kode[55] sẽn gɩdg tɩ b ra tũnug ne tautonim dãmb sẽn be botanik nomenklaturasã pʋgẽ ye. B sẽn maneg n wilg tɩ b boond-a tɩ Lycopersicon lycopersicum (Nicolson 1974) wã yaa sõma, bala a Miller yʋʋr la a Linnaeus yʋʋr yaa toor ne taab b sẽn gʋls to-to wã wɛɛngẽ. La b sẽn da wa n boond-a t'a Lycoperticon esculentum wã, b wilgame t'a yaa nom conservandum yʋʋmd 1983 wã, la yaa yʋ-peelem sẽn yaa sõma t'a gom tomatã yell sẽn pa be Solanum buudẽ wã pʋgẽ. [Tõnd sẽn na n tool-y neda]

Sẽn yaa to-to wã, b wilgame tɩ a Linnaeus ra tara bʋʋm n yeel t'a Solanum yaa tomat buud ning b sẽn boond tɩ Solanum lycopersicum wã. [1] [56] La tõe tɩ b na n paama yʋy a yiibã fãa sɛbã pʋgẽ wakat bilf pʋgẽ. Bũmb a yiib sẽn kɩt tɩ b segd n yãk b buud toor-toor yaa b sãbgã sẽn yaa to-to wã (tomaat sãbgã yaa toor ne Solanum buud a taabã) la b sẽn maand bũmb nins sẽn yaa toor-toorã (tomaata wã pʋgẽ, b pa tar alkaloid-rãmb wʋsg sẽn yaa to - to wã buud toor-toore ye). La b tõe n maana tomate la potɛk sẽn yaa b sẽn boond tɩ diploidã, tɩ b lebg b toor-toor n tõog n tɩge.[57]

GENETICS AND GENETIC MODIFICATIONS

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Genome

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Yʋʋmd 2009 yʋʋm-rɩt kiuugã, b kɩtame tɩ b yiis genomã version sẽn deng n yiisdã..[42]B publisga genome wã sẽn yaa sõma n paas ne Heinz 1706 buudã yʋʋmd 2012 kiuug rasem 31 wã "Nature (journal) " pʋgẽ.[43].Sẽn paase, b sẽn yiisd b sẽn dat n bãng b sẽn maand yʋʋm 2021 wã ra tara MB 799 la b gʋlsda proteẽn 34 384 (b sẽn tog n togsã), sẽn tar chromosome 12 zugu.[44] [45] [46]

Genetic modification

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Sẽn mik tɩ biis a taab wʋsg, wala bãnã, a pɔllã, a melonsã la a banana wã tara zʋg-sõma la rog-n-tɩrs a taaba, bãngdbã yeelame tɩ b sẽn yiis b yagen wã tõe n sõngame tɩ rɩɩb sõma, rɩɩb siglgã yɩ sõma, la tɩ b boog b biis nins fãa ligd. [47]

Sẽn deng n wa n yaa rɩɩb sẽn da yaa toor-toorã n paam n paam n dɩ wã yaa tomat sẽn boond tɩ Flavr Savr, sẽn da yaa sẽn na yɩl n tall wakat sẽn kaoos n pa tõe n dɩ ye.[48] La b pa le tõe n paam-a tɩ b ra wa koosd-a ye. Sãn-kẽndr dãmbã ket n maandda tomate ne bõn-paals nins b sẽn pa tar tɩ b tõe n paam n dɩt-b ye. Wala makre, b sẽn pa tõe n maan bũmb nins sẽn sãamd tẽngã zugã, b sẽn namsd tẽngã la b sẽn pa rat n dɩt tomate wã, wall b sẽn nong-b n dɩt a yũ-noogo. [Tõnd sẽn na n tool-y neda]

Bõn-vɩɩs rogem

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Tomato Genetic Resource Center wã, Germplasm Resources Information Network wã, AVRDC wã, la tẽn-bɛdã fãagr wʋsg sẽn be dũniyã gill zugã b bĩngda bõn-buud sẽn makd bõn-buuda sẽn tar yõod wʋsg ne zem-gãongã rũndã-rũndã wã. B sẽn dɩkd bõn-buudã b tõe n dɩka n dɩka b sẽn zemsã n dɩka. Baa ned kam fãa sẽn maand a toor-toorã sẽn tõe n wa paam n paam n womd bõn-naands wʋsgo, b sẽn maand tomate wã wʋsg yaa karẽn-biis la tẽn-gãong tʋʋmde. Rẽ kɩtame tɩ b tõog n naan naan naanse, n naan naan rog-n-tɩrsã la b rog-nẽmsã, wala t'a Karolina sẽn be tãngã pʋga. Kom-bɩɩs nins sẽn tar a Heinz, a Monsanto, a BHNSeed la a Bejoseed wã tara rogem program sẽn baood n na n sõng tɩ b tõog n tall n tall n kõ-b la b tall n tall b toor-toor. [Tõnd sẽn na n tool-y neda]

Dãm-biis la namsg

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Botanik wɛɛngẽ, tomate yaa biis - bẽed sẽn yaa tɩm-kaagã, ne a bõn-buudã sẽn tar bloogã.[49]La b get tomate wã wa "kook-kookã" bala, a sũ-mã yaa sik sẽn ka ta kook-koogã ye. Sẽn yɩɩd a sẽn yaa wa sẽn yaa wa kʋdemdã, a yaa salad bɩ rɩɩb sẽn yaa pipi rɩɩb pʋgẽ, la pa wa rɩ-sɛgd ye.[50] La pa tomate bal n yaa rɩɩb ning bal sẽn tar bũmbu-kãnga ye. Bãadã, kom-bõonegã, legendã, aubergine wã, a avocado wã, la b b bẽedã buud fãa (bõnd sẽn yaa ko-ko-ko-kẽe wã, la a ko-koom-kẽẽe wã) yaa bõn-buud sẽn yaa biis la b rɩt bũmbu.[51]

Sẽn yaa tɩlae tɩ b bãng tɩ tomate yaa tɩɩs bɩ tɩɩs n kɩt tɩ b pa wʋmd a võore, kɩtame tɩ b pa le tõe n wʋmd a võor sõma. Yʋʋmd 1887 wã, Etazĩni wã sẽn da yãkd sɛb n na n yiisd tomate wã tɩ b ra segd n dɩkd-a-la ne koodã, la ka tɩ b rɩkd-a ne biisã, kɩtame tɩ tomate wã paam n lebg bũmb sẽn yaa tɩlae ne-a. A Nix v. Hedden bʋʋdã pʋgẽ, Etazĩni bʋ-kaood-kãsengã kɩtame tɩ b tõog n welg zu-loees nins sẽn da be wã yʋʋmd 1893 soabã kiuug rasem 10 wã, n yeel tɩ tomatã yaa tɩɩs sẽn yaa tɩrs sẽn yaa nebã sẽn get tɩ tɩɩsã yaa tɩrs tɩrsã. B rɩt-b lame tɩ b rɩtẽ, la pa b rɩt-ba.[52]A Zeova Kaset rãmbã sẽn da pa sak n deeg tɩ b yãkd tomate wã n kõ-a wã, b yeelame tɩ b segd n maana woto.

Bãagrã

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Tomate wã yaa bõn-buud sẽn yaa sõma n tõe n dɩ wã yĩnga, la a yaa buud toor-toor n be dũniyã gill zugu.[53] B ra tara bur sẽn tar NPK sẽn yaa 5-10-10 n yaa tomate bɩ tɩɩs yemde, la b ra tara bur la komost me. [ tɩb sẽn dat n togs tɩ ] Ne taale, tomatã bõn-buud a yembr pʋgẽ, yaa bõn-buudu 150,000.[54]

Yão-rãmbã

 
Tomato fruitworm feeding on unripe tomato
 
Tomato bug feeding on tomato plant sap
 
A split heirloom tomato, caused by fluctuation in water availability

D sã n wa tar tomate buud toor-toor, b tõe n sega bãag-dãmb wʋsgo. Rũndã-rũndã, b geta bãag-dãmb sẽn pa tar pãng n yɩɩd b sẽn tar-b wã yelle.

D sã n wa tar tomate, d tõe n paama bãag toor-toor n wilg tɩ d pa tar bãag ye. Bõn-kãens yaa:

•LB – 'late blight'[71]

•V – verticillium wilt

•F – fusarium wilt strain I

•FF – fusarium wilt strain I and II

•N – nematodes

•T – tobacco mosaic virus, and

•A – alternaria.

Dʋma wã bãag sẽn yaa to-to wã yaa tabako mog-n-taag virus. Sigarɛtã la tabako bõn-naands a taab sẽn tar bãaga tõe n kɩtame tɩ b kʋ kʋrã tomatã tɩɩsã. [72]

La bãag a to sẽn yaa kãseng n yɩɩd yaa bãag sẽn yaa wa b sẽn boond tɩ "curly top", sẽn yaa bãag ning sẽn wat ne bãagã sẽn pa tar pãng n tõe n kɩt tɩ b vɩɩmã pa le yɩ sõma ye. Wala b sẽn boond-a wã sẽn wilgdã, a yaa bõn-kãng sẽn kɩtd tɩ tɩɩgã vãadã fãa lebg tɩlem n bɩ. [Tõnd sẽn na n tool-y neda]

Baktéri wã sẽn yaa bãag sẽn yaa to-to wã yaa bãag a to sẽn namsd ned sẽn pa tar koomã. [73]

Dũniyã pʋgẽ

Did sã n dat n bãng tɩ b yaa b sẽn boond tɩ tomate wã, b tõe n yãame tɩ b yaa tomate bugs, b sẽn boond t'a bugs sẽn yũud rãam, b yaa tomat bugs la b yaa tabako bugs, a yaa b sẽn yaa b sẽn dat n yãame, a yaa a ye, a yaa bu-rɩt-rɩta, a yaa bi-pugs la a yaa b b sẽn boond n dat n yãag tomate wã.[74] Tomate russet mite, Aculops lycopersici, rɩta tomate tɩɩs vãs la biis sẽn yaa kom-bɩɩs n kɩt tɩ b sãn-bɩɩsã, b zẽedã la b biis wã lebg kãn-kãe, n tõe n kʋ tɩɩgã. [75]

Bãadã sẽn wa n zabd tomate tɩɩsã, b yiisda seb-kãng sẽn boond tɩ systemin. A systeminã sõngdda kogendã, wala protease inhibitorã sẽn na n kɩt tɩ bugumã bɩʋʋg boogdẽ. B ra deng n bãnga hormoonã tomate wã pʋgẽ, la b yãame tɩ b yãenda proteẽ-rãmb sẽn wõnd woto buud toor-toorã pʋsẽ. [76]

La bãag sã n pa be, koom sẽn pa zemsã tõe n kɩtame tɩ biis nins sẽn bɩ bɩtã wã wã wã wãlem. Sẽn paasd bõn-naandsã sãoong, b tõe n kɩtame tɩ b sã n wa sãame, tɩ b sãame, b tõeeme n maag b biis wʋsgo. Sẽn paase, bõn-kɩdsã, tʋʋlg sẽn yaa toogo, bɩ zĩ-gãongã sẽn pa sõma tõe n kɩtame tɩ b lebg bãad sẽn yaa wa b sẽn get b zoodo. Sẽn paam-b tɩ b yũ-a wã yaa wa b sẽn tõe n dɩ, la b tõe n pa yãgd-a ye.

Dãm-d-la-la-yã

Tomate wã yaa bõn-naandb buud toor-toor sẽn be be zĩig ning fãa. mos_Latnmos_Latnmos_Latn be be be A sẽn yaa bõn-buud-kãsengã, a yaa bõn-yũud-kãseng sẽn be a pʋgẽ. A sẽn yaa a sẽn yaa a nin-vɩɩm n dɩt a sẽn yaa-a wã, a yũuda bõn-buudu sẽn tar bõn-buuda, wala a sẽn yaa bĩis-buudã. Woto yĩnga, b zẽkda b buud toor-toor ne tomate, n tar n dat n yeel tɩ parsley, Queen Anne's lace, la wakat ninga, dill. B me kẽeda rũms sẽn yaa b rãmb sẽn maand b sẽn pa tõe n yã wã n zab ne tomate. [77] B tẽedame tɩ b sẽn yiisd burã na n kɩtame tɩ tomat-rɩtgã lebg wa bõn-buud sẽn pa tar pãng ye. B ra nong n nongame tɩ b rɩkd baasilik n dɩ tomatã.[79][80] Neb wʋsg yetame tɩ basil tõe n gɩdg-b lame tɩ b ra wa yũ tomate.[81] La b sẽn maan mak-sõng ne b sẽn pa yãt ye, b pa yãt t'a sẽn bʋd tomate wã yũub pa tar yõod ye. [82][83][84]

POLLINATION

 
Tomato flower in full bloom, next to a young, green developing fruit
 
Flowers and ripe fruit can be present simultaneously.

Sẽn yaa toor ne b sẽn da be zĩig ning b sẽn da pa miẽ wã, tomate ra segd n paama b toor-toor tɩ b tõe n dɩk-b n tɩge. Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n boog b tɩ-tɩ-tẽngã, tomate wã sẽn yaa bẽedã sẽn yaa b sẽn tõe n dɩk n tɩge, yaa b sẽn na n dɩk n kẽng n tɩge. B ra yaa b sẽn da be wã, la b ket n yaa b sẽn be b sẽn pa tõe n yã bũmb ning fãa.

Sẽn mik tɩ b sẽn yiis tomate wã b sẽn da beẽ wã, b sẽn da maand b toorẽ bõn-buudã (õnda yaa halɩtid zĩm) pa tũ-b ye. [85] Sẽn yaa sõma tɩ b tõog n paam b mens n kõ kom-bɩɩsã, b yãka tomate buud sẽn yaa b toorẽ wã n na n tõog n paam bõn-kãng fãa. [85]

Woto pa wõnd ned sẽn maand a meng polline, baa ne gom-bi-pogrã sẽn yet tɩ tomate polline.[86] Sẽn yaa to-to tɩ tomate pa tar pãng n tõog n lebg bõn-buud ye, b wilgame tɩ yaa ne zĩ-gãosgo, tɩ b sã n wa lebg bõn-bõoneg n lebg bõnã, b tõe n kɩtame tɩ b lebg bõn-naandsã n wa maan wẽnem (bõn-naandb n yaa " elektriki" sẽn boond tɩ "tõnd-bi-bi-bõone" sẽn maand ne nug-vẽenega), bɩ wakat sẽn yaa to-kãseng rũndã-rũndã wã, yaa ne b sẽn maand n maand n kõ-b koom-koglgã. Tomate flower a antherã yaa wa b sẽn boond tɩ tomate flowerã, tɩ b tõe n yeel tɩ yaa wa b yaa b sẽn yaa b toor-toorã. Pollenã kẽeda porã pʋgẽ, la b yiisda pollen bilf bala, tɩ pa yɩlẽ tɩ b yik ye. B sẽn tõe n yiis bõn-buudã tɩ b pa tar bẽedã, yaa bõn-buudu, wala b sẽn boond tɩ bumblebee wã, bɩ b sẽn boond t'a hallictid pollinatorã. Sẽn yaa beẽ, sobg bɩ rũmsã yaa bũmb sẽn tõe n sõng tɩ b tõog n bɩɩs kood sẽn yaa sõma.

Dõn-buudã sẽn yaa

Pĩndgã la biisã sẽn watã bee meiosisã zugu. Meiosis yaa bũmb sẽn kɩt tɩ b maand tɩ b yĩnsã sẽn yaa mikrospore wã rog-rãmbã sẽn be a anterã pʋgẽ wã lebg haploid pollen grains, la b kɩt tɩ b yĩs-rãmbã meegaspore wã rog-roog sẽn be a ovari wã pʋgẽ wã lebg haploid nuklei. B tõe n kɩtame tɩ b maan b toorẽ bõn-vɩɩs n kɩt tɩ b lebg b toorẽ wã. D sã n wa paam tɩ b rog-a-la, b na n kɩtame tɩ b rog n lebg bõn-buud sẽn wat n beẽ wã. B sã n wa maand tɩ b rogd rog-n-tɩrsã naoor wʋsgo, b na n kɩtame tɩ rog-n'tɩrsã bɩɩme n lebg tomate biis.

RAD51 sẽn yaa recA gen ning sẽn yaa a yembr ne a taabã wã tara rol sẽn tar yõod wʋsg ADN sẽn pa naag ne a taabã seglgã pʋgẽ. RAD51 homologã bee tomatã (Lycopersicon esculentum) anterã pʋgẽ, sẽn wilgd tɩ tomatã meosizã wakate, b manegda a to.[87]

Hydroponic and greenhouse cultivation

 
Hydroponic cultivation
 
Greenhouse cultivation in Andalusia

Sẽn paase, b b bĩngda tomate sẽn yaa bĩngd sẽn be zĩig sẽn yaa yɩlemdã pʋgẽ, la b b bẽdda tomate buud toor-toor wa b sẽn boond tɩ "Moneymaker" wã, la b sẽn boond t'a Sibɛɛr buud toor-toorã sẽn yaa bẽngd bẽngẽ wã. La sã n yaa zĩ-sõngo, wakat ning sã n wa ta, b sã n wa tɩ tɩgã, b sãnda sãnda sãn-koɛɛgẽ. Sẽn paase, b pa tõe n paam tɩ b yiisd b biis wakat ning b sẽn pa tar b tɩɩsã ye. Sẽn yaa bilfã (waasã la rãamã) bɩ tomate (waas-rãmbã) yaa kom-bi-kãsems nins sẽn tʋmd ne weoog-kãsemse wã la b yãkd tɩ b yãk-ba, tɩ b yãkd n yãkd n dɩt n dɩt biisi.[55]

B tũnugda ne hidroponikã sẽn yaa sõma n tʋmdẽ, la b tũnugda ne-a n bʋd zĩig sẽn yaa sõma.

B sẽn yãkd bõn-buudã la b sẽn bɩt-bã

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Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n zãad la b bĩng-a sõma, b nong n wʋkda a tomatã sẽn nan pa bɩ wã (a sẽn nan pa bɩ wã) la b bĩngd-a "ethylene" pʋgẽ.[56]

B sẽn wa n boond tɩ tomatã buud sẽn tõe n tigs ne masĩnã (tõatã sẽn yaa "square tomatã") yaa sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋmd 1950 wã, tɩ b boond-a tɩ University of California, Davis's Gordie C. Hanna, sẽn naag ne b sẽn wa n maan koom-koglg sẽn zemsã, kɩtame tɩ tomatã kood toeeme. B geta tomatã buud-gom-kãngã yell n get a sẽn na n yɩ to-to. B geta a sẽn na n yɩ to-to, la b get a sẽn na n yɩ to-to. B tigsd-b-la b sã n bɩ, la b sã n wʋk-b bɩ b tar yũ-noog wʋsgo.B tigsd-b-la daar fãa, rasem a yopoe semen fãa, semen a 12 bɩ a 14 pʋgẽ, la b rɩk-b tao-tao n kẽng b teedã pakr zĩisẽ, tɩ b tʋmd wakat kãng bala. Kaliforni wã yaa zĩig ning b sẽn yiisd tomatã tɩ b tõe n dɩk n koos-a, la b yiisda tomatã buud fãa sẽn be dũniyã gill zugã pʋɩ-sʋk bala.[57]

Yʋʋmd 1994 wã, a Calgene talla tomat buud a ye sẽn toeem b gene wã, n boond-a tɩ FlavrSavr, sẽn tõe n yɩ tɩɩg sẽn bɩ n pa sãam a yõor ye. Baasg zãnga, b ra pa tõogd n koosd b teedã ye, la b ra koosd-b-la hal tɩ ta yʋʋmd 1997 bala.[58]

Yiisg

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Yʋʋmd 2012 soabã pʋgẽ, dũniyã gill zugu, b rɩka hektɛɛr milyõ 4.8 n na n tɩ kood tomatã, tɩ b koodã yaa ton milyõ 161.8. 92] Tẽnga fãa tomat kood yaa ton 33.6 ne hectare yʋʋmd 2012.[59]

Netherlands tomate-dãmb sẽn be be wã n yaa sõma n yɩɩd yʋʋmd 2012 pʋgẽ, tɩ b sõor sẽn yaa to-to tẽngã gill zugu yaa ton 476 ne hektɛɛr a ye, tɩ Bɛlzik (ton 463 ne hektɛɛr a ye) la Iceland (ton 429 ne hektɛɛr a ye) pʋgda.[60]

Gʋlsgo

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The "tomato tree" as seen by guests on the Living with the Land boat ride at Epcot, Lake Buena Vista, Florida

"Tomaat tɩɩgã" sẽn yaa wa neb nins sẽn kẽ koom-koglg ning sẽn boond tɩ Living with the Land sẽn be Epcot, Lake Buena Vista, Floridã sẽn yã wã

Yʋʋmd 2008 soabã pʋgẽ, tomatã sẽn da tar pãng n yɩɩd fãa wã ra tara kilo 3.51 la ra yaa "Delicious" buudã, la a Gordon Graham sẽn be Edmond, Oklahoma wã n bɩɩ-a yʋʋmd 1986 wã.[61] Tomatã tɩɩg ning sẽn yaa kãseng n yɩɩdã yaa "Sungold" sẽn ta metr 19,8 (feet 65), la a yɩɩ Nutriculture Ltd (UK) sẽn be Mawdesley, Lancashire, UK, yʋʋmd 2000.[62]

Tõe tɩ "tomat tɩɩg" sẽn yaa kãseng sẽn bɩt Walt Disney World Resortã weoogã sẽn be Lake Buena Vista, Floride wã pʋgẽ wã n da yaa tomat tɩɩg sẽn yaa kãseng n yɩɩd dũniyã gill zugu. B wilgame tɩ b paama tomat 32 000 la b zɩslem taa kg 522(1,151 lb).[63] A ra womda tomat rãmb tusa wakat a ye bala. A Yong Huang sẽn yaa Epcot tẽn-gãongã yel-gɛtã yãa bõn-buud sẽn pa wõnd a taabã Beejing sẽn be Chine wã. A Huang talla a bõn-buudã n wa Epcot la a maan ro-gãong sẽn yaa sõma tɩ tɩɩsã tõe n bɩ. Tãm-bi-gãongã ra womda tomat sẽn yaa wa golf ballã, tɩ b ra kõt-b Walt Disney World wã rɩɩb zĩisẽ.[64] Tɩɩmã paama bãag la b yiis-a-la yʋʋmd 2010 tʋʋl-nif kiuugã, a sẽn vɩɩmd kiis 13 wã poore. [ original research]

  •  
    Tomato plants 7 days after planting
  •  
    Tomato seedlings growing indoors
  •  
    27 days after planting
  •  
    52-day-old plant, first fruits
  •  
    Tomatoes being collected from the field, Maharashtra, India

Tʋʋmdã

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Yʋʋmd 2022 soabã pʋgẽ, tomatã b sẽn yiisd dũniyã gill zugã taa ton milyõ 186, tɩ "siãni wã yaa bãmb 37%, tɩ India, Turkey, la United States yaa bãmb n pʋgẽ.

Toxicit

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Tomatã vãad la a biisi sẽn pa bɩ wã tara tomatine alkaloid sẽn yaa bõn-kɩdg sẽn tar pãng ninsaalb zugu, tɩ b nan pa vaees-a ye.[65] B leb n tara solanine sẽn yaa alkaloid sẽn tar yõodo, sẽn be batat vãad la tɩɩs a taab sẽn be yʋn-vẽenem pʋgẽ.[66][67] La solanine wã sẽn be vãadã la tɩɩsã biis pʋsẽ wã yaa bilfu, tɩ pa tõe n yɩ yell ye, sã n pa tɩ b rɩt-a-la wʋsgo.

Wakat ninga, b rɩkda tomat vãad bilf n na n ning tɩ b yũ tɩ pa sãamd ye, la b rɩkda tomatã buud toor-toor sẽn pa bɩ wã biis sẽn yaa vãad n na n dɩ, sẽn yɩɩd fãa, wa tomat-rãmb sẽn yaa vãad sẽn bĩng tɩ b yõg-a.[68] Tomat buud a taab me n be tɩ b biisã sẽn bɩ sõma wã ket n yaa vãadã. B sã n mak-a ne zom-biisi, a solanine wã sẽn be tomat-dãmb sẽn pa bɩ bɩ sẽn bɩ sõma wã pʋgẽ wã yaa bilfu. Baasg zãnga, baa ne batayo wã, b wilgame tɩ solanine yũub sẽn wat ne b sẽn dɩt-a naoor a wãn n yɩɩd ninsaal sẽn tõe n dɩ wã yaa bũmb sẽn yaa toog wʋsgo. La b pa yãt tɩ b rɩt batayo wã wʋsg ye.[69]

Tomat tɩɩsã tõe n yɩɩ tɩɩm ne wiidi, b sã n wãb biis wʋsgo, bɩ b sã n wãb tɩɩsã.[70]

Salmonella

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B wilgame tɩ tomatã n wa ne bãag a yopoe sẽn boond tɩ Salmonella yʋʋmd 1990 ne 2005 sʋka,[71] la tõe tɩ yaa yẽ n wa ne bãag sẽn boond tɩ salmonellose sẽn wa ne bãas 172 Etazĩni tẽns 18 pʋgẽ yʋʋmd 2006 wã.[72] Yʋʋmd 2008, United States soolmẽ wã, bãag sẽn boond tɩ salmonellose wã kɩtame tɩ b yiis tomat-dãmb n yiis teedo la restoran-dãmb sẽn be Etazĩni la Kanada babs pʋsẽ,[73] baa ne rɩɩb a taab sẽn naag ne jalapeño la serrano wã sẽn da tõe n zĩnd be.

B sẽn tũnugd ne to-to

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Rɩk-m-mengã

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Tomatoes stuffed with hard-boiled egg and Parmesan cheese.

Baa ne b sẽn yet tɩ tomatã yaa tɩɩg sẽn tar biisi, b get-a-la wa tɩɩg sẽn tar biisi. A tara umami yũ-noog sẽn tar pãnga, n yɩɩd tɩ yɩ noog wʋsgo (Ges-y sẽn be yĩngrã). A Heston Blumenthal sẽn yaa rɩ-noodã taoor soab yeelame tɩ rɩ-noodã sẽn be pʋgẽ wã tara yũ-noog n yɩɩd rũmã. B sẽn wa n maan vaeesg n yaool n yã tɩ rũmã tara glutamic acid sẽn yɩɩd rũmã naoor 11.[74]

Baa ne b sẽn yeel tɩ tomatã yita Amerik soolmẽ wã, rũndã-rũndã, b kood-a-la dũniyã gill zugu, n dɩt-a. B tũnugda ne-a ne manesem toɛy-toɛyã, wala b sẽn ningd-a tɩ b rɩt-a tɩ pa rɩke, bɩ b sẽn ningd-a tɩ b rɩtgẽ, n paas b sẽn ningd-a rɩɩb toɛy-toɛyã pʋsẽ, wall b sẽn ningd-a ketchup bɩ tomat zũud pʋgẽ. B tõe n dɩga tomatã sẽn pa bɩ wã n maan burã, n wa rɩ-a, n maan salsa, wall b ning-a koomẽ. B koosda tomatã koom wa bõn-yũudl la b tũnugd ne-a n naan cocktails wala Bloody Mary.

Tomatã ra yaa bũmb b sẽn da rɩkd wʋsg n maand pizza wã la b sẽn maand pasta rãmb wʋsg pʋgẽ.[75] B leb n dɩta tomatã n maand Spain la Catalan wã rɩɩb wala gazpacho la pa amb tomàquet. Portiigalizã rãmb sẽn wa n be Azi soolmẽ wã yʋʋm kob-gĩnd piig la a nu soabã pʋgẽ wã, tomatã lebga bũmb sẽn tar yõod wʋsg b sẽn maand n maand curry wã pʋgẽ.

B sẽn bĩngd-a to-to

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B sã n pa pek tomatã, yaa sõma tɩ b ning-a ro-roogo, la tɩ wĩndg ra wa yã-a ye. B pa segd n gãneg-b-la fɩrɛɛrẽ ye, bala b yaa wa zũud la b pa le tar yũ-noog ye.[76][77]

B sã n bĩng-a t'a pa kẽedẽ, tõe n kɩtame t'a pa na n sãam tao-tao ye.[78]

B tõe n ning-a-la bãag pʋgẽ t'a bɩ.[79]

B tõe n dɩka tomatã n bĩngi, n kẽeg-a, wall b rɩk-a n maan tomatã koom bɩ n ning-a tɩ b rɩg n ning b roogẽ. B leb n tõe n kɩtame tɩ tɩɩgã ra sãam ye. Wakat ninga, b tõe n ning-a-la wĩntoogã pʋgẽ, zĩig ning sẽn zemsã, n dɩk-a n ning bãgse, wall b ning-a ne kaam.

Rɩɩb sẽn yaa sõma

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Tomatã yaa koom 95%, la a tara carbohydrate 4%, la a ka tar rasãnd la porɩyẽ 1% ye (Ges-y tablã). 100 gram tomatã sẽn pa rɩk kõt-y-la 18 kilocalories, la yaa wa vitamẽ C sẽn zemsã (17% sẽn zems daar fãa), la a tara mikronutrient sẽn pa waooge (Tablã).


Zãmsg Tʋʋmd sẽn tar pãng yʋʋm 2022 pʋgẽ, b yãame tɩ tomat rɩ-kãnga nafda bãag wʋsgo, la b wilga bãag kẽer sẽn yaa to-to wã yĩnga (pestiidã, mikrob rãmb sẽn be bãag pʋgẽ, tẽn-kãsems sẽn yit tẽng sẽn be bãaga pʋgẽ), la b sẽn pa tõe n maan bũmb ning ye. Wala makre, likopɛn sẽn yaa b sẽn dat n deegd-a wã, a pa tar pãng sẽn pa rat tɩ b rɩk zɩɩm sẽn pa mi n dɩt-a wã ye. B wilgame tɩ " tomatã sẽn tar pãng wʋsg n tõe n sõng-b tɩ b tõog n tõog n tõog tɩ b tõog tɩ b paam pãng n yɩɩda tomatã, wala likopɛn".[80]

Yʋʋmd 2014 la 2015 wã, b pa yã bũmb sẽn wilgd tɩ tomatã bɩ b sẽn kõt-b tɩbgã pʋgẽ, likopɛnã yaa bũmb sẽn kɩtd tɩ b paam bãag bɩ bãag ye.[81][82]

Etazĩni, b pa tõe n wilg tɩ tomate, tomate wã sẽn yaa bõn-naandg bɩ likopɛɛn sẽn yaa bãaga sẽn wat ne bãaga wã nafa yaa bũmb sẽn pa be rɩɩb sẽn pakd pʋgẽ, tɩ sã n pa tar bãaga wɛɛngẽ wã ye.[83][84]

D rɩkda

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B sẽn boond tɩ potɛtã tʋʋr (Phthorimaea operculella) yaa bõn-buud sẽn yaa oligophagous sẽn nong n dɩt-b tɩɩs sẽn yit Solanaceae zakã pʋgẽ, wala tomate tɩɩs. P. operculella wã sẽn yaa pʋgã zãada a sãnemã n na n kõ a nin-soabã a sẽn yãgdã, la a sãnem-soab nins sẽn yãgd-a wã rɩtame.[85]

Tomato wã yaa wa ne mi-ko-ko-kãsems sẽn yaa sõma ne taaba, wala Rhizophagus irregularis. Sãanegã zãada tomate n na n bãnge.[86]

Tẽngã nebã sẽn nongã

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Yʋʋmd fãa, Sipã n be Buñol tẽngã pʋgẽ, b maanda kibs ning b sẽn boond tɩ La Tomatina wã. Yʋʋmd 2007 tʋʋlg kiuug rasem 30 wã, Spaans rãmb 40000 tigma taab n na n lob tomate wã ne taab n maan kibsã.[87]


 
Tomatoes thrown from a truck during the Spanish Tomatina festival

Amerik tẽns wʋsg rɩka tomate n naan lebg b tɩɩs la b tɩɩs (Ges-y sẽn be yĩngrã). B yãka tomate tɩ b lebg New Jersey soolmã tɩɩs. Arkansas zãmsa b yiibã fãa n yeel tɩ Arkansas soolmã tomatã yaa b tɩɩs la b tɩɩs tɩ b boond tɩ b tɩɩsã. Yʋʋmd 2009 wã, Ohio soolmã yãka noy n kɩt tɩ tomatã lebg b sẽn boond tɩ b tɩɩsã biis. Sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋmd 1965 wã, tomate yũub yaa Ohio tẽnga yũub. A Alexander W. Livingston sẽn be Reynoldsburg, Ohio wã maana tʋʋmd wʋsg n kɩt tɩ tomatã lebg sõma yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 19 soabã saabẽ wã. B tẽegda a tʋʋmã Reynoldsburg ne tomatã kibs yʋʋmd fãa.

Flavr Savr yaa rɩɩb ning b sẽn naan n naan n dɩ wã sẽn yaa pipi sẽn paam lisens tɩ b yi n tɩ rɩ wã.[88]

 
Sõr-wilgda:Lang (The Tomato Festival) in Närpes, Finland, in 1993

Tomate yaa zab zab zab zab-teed sẽn yaa "bõn-kʋʋd" n maand maand maandbã, la yʋʋm 19 soabã pʋgẽ, b ra maanda taab n wẽed tomate sẽn yaa wẽnemd ne neb sẽn maand tʋʋm-wẽns zug. Rũndã-rũndã, b wae n gomda gom-kãensã yell wa makr. Sẽn na yɩl n wilg tɩ b yaa neb sẽn maand maand maand sẽn pa zems ne b sẽn datã, Nizo-rɛland Sosialisã sullã rɩka tomatã n lebg b logto.

A Reynoldsburg, Ohio sẽn be Etazĩni wã boondame tɩ "Tomato rogmã zĩiga", n yetẽ tɩ b rɩka tomato buud pipi sẽn yaa kom-bi-zemsã yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 19 soabã pʋgẽ.[89]

"Rotten Tomatoes" yaa Amerika filim la televiziõ wã sẽn get bũmb ninsã sẽn be b sẽn maandã.

Galeri wã

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Ges-y me

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  • Tẽns sõor b sẽn pʋɩ tomatã
  • Tomatã rɩɩb sõor
  • Marglobe, yaa b sẽn da na n reng n bao tɩ tomat buud sẽn pa tõe n paam bãase
  • Zʋg-zĩigã
  • B sẽn boond tɩ physalisã yaa biis sẽn wõnd a taaba, b sẽn tũnugd ne n dɩt rɩɩbã
  • Tomatã pãn-tusdg
  • Tomatã jam
  • Nightshades
  • Batatã
  • Kẽng
  • Tomatillo, yaa biis sẽn wõnd taaba, sẽn yit buud sẽn zems-n-taarã pʋgẽ

Sebtiise

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Sõsg a taab

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•David Gentilcore. Pomodoro! A History of the Tomato in Italy (Columbia University Press, 2010), scholarly history •Tieman, D; Bliss, P; McIntyre, LM; Blandon-Ubeda, A; Bies, D; Odabasi, AZ; Rodríguez, GR; van der Knaap, E; Taylor, MG; Goulet, C; Mageroy, MH; Snyder, DJ; Colquhoun, T; Moskowitz, H; Clark, DG; Sims, C; Bartoshuk, L; Klee, HJ (5 June 2012). "The Chemical Interactions Underlying Tomato Flavor Preferences". Current Biology. 22 (11): 1035–1039. •Bibcode:2012CBio...22.1035T. •doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.04.016. PMID 22633806.

Sõng-n-taase

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  1. ↑ http://solanaceaesource.org/content/phylogeny-0 http://eol.org/pages/392557/overview
  2. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-eol-2
  3. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-eol-2
  4. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-eol-2
  5. ↑ http://eol.org/pages/392557/overview
  6. ↑ http://solanaceaesource.org/content/phylogeny-0
  7. ↑ http://eol.org/pages/392557/overview
  8. ↑ http://eol.org/pages/392557/overview
  9. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/apr/09/umami-fifth-taste
  10. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/plant/tomato
  11. ↑ http://eol.org/pages/392557/overview
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/why-wild-tiny-pimp-tomato-so-important-180955911
  13. ↑ https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/why-the-tomato-was-feared-in-europe-for-more-than-200-years-863735/
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/29/dining/29curi.html
  15. ↑ https://archive.org/details/tomatoinamericae00smit_0
  16. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20090529225328/http://www.easthamptonstar.com/dnn/Archive/Home20080814/FoodWine/Seasons/tabid/6280/Default.aspx
  17. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=hKVbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117
  18. ↑ https://archive.org/details/tomatoinamericae00smit_0
  19. ↑ https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/ext/dw/2449056RX1/PDF/2449056RX1.pdf
  20. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20110908042910/http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=British_Consuls_in_Aleppo
  21. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=6QUZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA519
  22. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=pnkrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA223
  23. ↑ https://www.thecollector.com/history-of-tomato/
  24. ↑ https://archive.org/details/tomatoinamericae00smit_0
  25. ↑ https://archive.org/details/tomatoinamericae00smit_0
  26. ↑ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/22432
  27. ↑ https://archive.org/details/yoa1937
  28. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20110111123746/http://www.ci.reynoldsburg.oh.us/about-reynoldsburg.aspx
  29. ↑ https://archive.org/details/yoa1937
  30. ↑ https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23517955
  31. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/29/science/flavor-is-the-price-of-tomatoes-scarlet-hue-geneticists-say.html
  32. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24723405
  33. ↑ https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:736072
  34. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118061015.ch9
  35. ↑ https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:736072
  36. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118061015.ch9
  37. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10327-006-0299-3
  38. ↑ https://www.etymonline.com/?term=tomato
  39. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=7ALkF3ZIfCkC&pg=PA343
  40. ↑ http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/tomato
  41. ↑ https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/70606/can-i-use-you-say-tomato-i-we-say-x-in-the-exactly-same-manner-as-we-agre
  42. ↑ Template:Doc
  43. ↑ Sõr-wilgda:Cite news
  44. ↑ Template:Doc
  45. ↑ Sõr-wilgda:Cite journal
  46. ↑ Sõr-wilgda:Cite journal
  47. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-63
  48. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-64
  49. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-65
  50. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-66
  51. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-67
  52. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-68
  53. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-69
  54. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-70
  55. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20160520215357/http://www.growtomatoes.com/growing-in-the-greenhouse/
  56. ↑ http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/06/14/the-true-cost-of-tomatoes/
  57. ↑ http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/17/not-all-industrial-food-is-evil/
  58. ↑ https://doi.org/10.3733%2Fca.v054n04p6
  59. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20150906230329/http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567
  60. ↑ http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/browse/Q/QC/E
  61. ↑ https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ej0-AAAAIBAJ&pg=1822,16289918&dq=heaviest+tomato+ever&hl=en
  62. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20201231073808/http://www.nutriculture.com/index.php?option=com_zoom&Itemid=56&page=view&catid=3&PageNo=2&key=3&hit=1
  63. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20221205152127/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-tomatoes-harvested-from-one-plant-in-one-year
  64. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070717063219/http://wdwnews.com/ViewImage.aspx?ImageID=101932
  65. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/29/dining/29curi.html
  66. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19446683
  67. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20140928132105/http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/chem_background/exsumpdf/chaconinesolanine_508.pdf
  68. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/29/dining/29curi.html
  69. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20140928132105/http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/chem_background/exsumpdf/chaconinesolanine_508.pdf
  70. ↑ https://archive.org/details/houndhealthhandb0000brev/page/404
  71. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20080126104725/http://www.foodsafety.ksu.edu/en/article-details.php?a=3&c=32&sc=419&id=953
  72. ↑ http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/10/30/national/main2138331.shtml
  73. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20110825075739/http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/city/story.html?id=0c30bbc6-5fa0-41c2-9148-f57e622c0cdd
  74. ↑ https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/jf070791p
  75. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/apr/09/umami-fifth-taste
  76. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20130214062847/http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8116.pdf
  77. ↑ http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/pdf/5532.pdf
  78. ↑ https://lifehacker.com/5993316/for-longer-lasting-tomatoes-store-them-stem+end-down
  79. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20130405083130/http://www.cpma.ca/en/about/areas-of-focus/vegetables#Tomato
  80. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-113
  81. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-b-f-114
  82. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-ccc-115
  83. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-ccc-115
  84. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-efsa-117
  85. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-118
  86. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-119
  87. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-120
  88. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-121
  89. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#cite_note-About_Reynoldsburg-28 
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